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The Haḍḍa School of Art: Iconographic Markers

The Buddha

54 works

The database records describe the Buddha through his bodily marks: the cranial topknot (uṣṇīṣa) rising from wave-patterned hair, the distended earlobes (a trace of the heavy jewellery of his princely youth) and, where it survives, the ūrṇā between the eyebrows, sometimes merely painted. The face is idealised, often Hellenistic in inspiration; the body, where preserved, is wrapped in the monastic cloak (saṃghāṭi).

The distinguishing marks

Each mark points to real records that describe it.

  • Cranial topknot (uṣṇīṣa) within wave-patterned hair

    See in the database: HADB 1, HADB 2, HADB 3

  • Distended earlobes

    See in the database: HADB 1, HADB 2, HADB 4

  • ūrṇā between the eyebrows, often lost, perhaps painted

    See in the database: HADB 1, HADB 4

  • Monastic cloak (saṃghāṭi) on full-length figures

    See in the database: HADB 470

Three works to learn to look

This Buddha with a hellenizing profile wears the bun uṣnīṣa, and his hair is curly parallel to the forehead. There is no trace of ūrṇā. The eyes are half-closed, the nose slightly curved; the round, prognathic chin suggests a double chin and the earlobes are elongated.

This walking Buddha dressed in the saṃghāṭi sketches a gesture often depicted in Hadda. The right elbow is draped in the cloak, the right hand emerges at chest level, hanging on the lapel of the garment, held by the thumb, while the left hand holds the drape at knee level. The facial features are of Western inspiration: right eyebrow arch, narrow, slightly bulging eyes, half-closed eyelids, aquiline nose and hemmed mouth. The hair, both on the skull and on the uṣnīṣa, is rendered in fine parallel furrows. The figure is delicately executed: the stance, the position of the body leaning on the right leg, left leg bent, the hands holding the garment, the finely depicted drapery, flowing and close to the body, have been particularly well taken care of.

This "adorned Buddha" wears a crown of pearls decorated with three crescent moons containing an oblong pearl, which surrounds the uṣnīṣa. The hair is treated in wavy strands running from front to back. The face combines Western and Indian characteristics. The facial lines are very regular: the arch is straight, the eye is half-closed, the nose and mouth delicate. The corners of the mouth barely show a smile. The deformed earlobes are broken.

Not to be confused with

Tapa Kalān38 works

This figure in the tours

Guided tours of the database include several works of this figure.

In the identification key

The observation paths that lead to this figure in the questionnaire. Each path can be replayed.

  1. Idealised and sereneTopknot on the crown, wave-patterned hair, no jewelleryCompact topknot (uṣṇīṣa) and distended earlobes
  2. The face is missing, I mainly see the bodyEnveloping monastic robe (saṃghāṭi)A cranial topknot (uṣṇīṣa)
  3. The face is missing, I mainly see the bodyEnveloping monastic robe (saṃghāṭi)The head is missing